[new.year] Diamond Geezer: Why you're going to celebrate New Year at the wrong time ... 'Before you go out this New Year's Eve, set your watch accurately using analogue Ceefax.

Murderize.com has unraveled a terrifying conspiracy theory that is sure to send chills down the spines of 80 s-raised gamers everywhere our beloved Super Mario is a Communist!

Okay, so the Red Scare is so Twentieth Century now it s the War on Terror , right? Regardless, this (dated) case study is good for a chuckle or two.

i cooked up a neat how-to for this month s popular science magazine, how-to get new apps on your otherwise locked up sidekick. rss readers, other messaging clients, movie time apps. the world is yours mang! well, after you sign up for an unlock key, download the sdk, load the apps

BBC takes a look at a growing trend in gaming, politics. Blogs may have been the catalyst for change/fundraising in this year s election, but can you imagine gaming being the catalyst? Imagine a campaign developing a game that revealed the opponent s lies and missteps. Imagine using a game to raise funds, put Rove-ian tactics into play ( Let s break into our own campaign HQ and blame the other side! ), or even (gulp) share ideas and ideals. It s all inevitable now, as gaming marches onward, into the mainstream. The Sims: President. Hmm.

[Via Ludology]

Having seen many of his presentations and read many of his articles, it's been enjoyable watching Larry Lessig refine his copyright arguments over the past few years. Many still wrongly assume that he's anti-copyright, but his views are much more nuanced than that, certainly more subtle than those of the media industry or the US government. Here's a short passage from his latest article on copyright term extensions:

We rightfully grant the monopoly called copyright to inspire new creative work. But once that work has been created, there is no public justification for extending its term. The public has already paid. Term extension is just double billing. Any wealth it creates for copyright holders is swamped by the wealth the public loses in lower costs and wider access.

A limited term of protection in exchange for freely available creative work...sounds reasonable to me.

An idea that's been stewing around in our minds for a while was given a voice and a name last week with the publication of the awesome "Rebel Sell" piece that's been making the blogosphere rounds.

// Part II

Amy Gahran has been talking a lot about women in podcasting and is currently compiling a list.

// also see BBC article on Podcasts bring DIY radio to the web for podcasting in general

It's hard to find anyone who hasn't ever played and appreciated the game Space Invaders before. Some kooky French guy loved the game so much he started spreading his fascination by finding ways to invade the world, city by city, with the little aliens. He has already invaded Paris, and has frighteningly good maps for all the other invasions he plans. He travels around putting up small mosaics of the old-school space alien logo. He's already tagged six of the nine letters of the infamous Hollywood sign in LA, although he wouldn't consider what he does graffiti. He designed this shoe as a small part of his invasion. On the sole of each shoe are an alien and the words "01 point" in relief so that every time you walk on wet cement, sand, or whatever you leave your invasion mark! Each shoebox is signed, and only 1500 were produced. --Josh Spear

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Continue...

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Posted in: Sneakers

Mark Frauenfelder: The massive undersea earthquake that caused the tsunami gave a boost to our planet's spin. As a result, days will be a fraction of a second shorter from now on.

Richard Gross, a geophysicist with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, theorized that a shift of mass toward the Earth's center during the quake on Sunday caused the planet to spin 3 microseconds, or 3 millionths of a second, faster and to tilt about an inch on its axis.

Link

ThinkSecret is about as reliable a source as you can get for these things, and they re saying that next month Apple is going to introduce a new iMac codenamed Q88 that will retail for $499 and come without a built-in monitor (something Apple should have done a long time ago, only the high-end PowerMac G5 desktops come without displays). The new ghetto budget Mac is supposed to have a 1.25GHz processor, 256MB of RAM, either a 40GB or 80GB hard drive, and a combo drive. Apple s main motivation for swimming into the shallow end of the pool? To capitalize on iPod owners who own PCs but say they would switch to a Mac if it were less expensive.

The Chinese-language Web site of fast food giant McDonald's Corp. was broken into twice on Christmas by a hacker protesting against its listing of Taiwan as a separate country, the Beijing Youth Daily said Monday.

More Damned Metablogging

Many thanks to Raphael Rubinstein for his nice piece on art blogs in the January 2005 Art in America, and for tossing this page into the salad. Dan Hopewell at Iconoduel, another tossee, posted searchable text here, and still another, Joy Garnett at NEWSgrist, put up a scan. Garnett related the AinA piece to the recent Rhizome.org panel on art blogs, and also a research paper titled "Art Blogs: Why Such a Timid Emergence?" by Marie Omann, a masters degree student in Design, Communication and Media at the IT University of Copenhagen, which is published in .PDF form on T.Whid's and M.River's blog.

generally positive comments, but they're stunned by the lack of porn/spam

ToDo #1411 Map dissent and difference Brian Holmes is one of the most lucid critics and theorists writing today and for the past 4 years, "as a direct result of involvement in demonstrations against the policies of the WTO...

[T]he tsunamis will have far bigger impacts on the global psyche, and thus geopolitics, at least in the near term. What are those impacts likely to be?

AP - A man who boasted to reporters around the world that his Web site allowed strangers to turn his outdoor Christmas lights off and on admitted Monday it was an elaborate hoax designed, he said, to spread holiday cheer.

Article via contrasts.net.

San Francisco Board of Supervisors President Matt Gonzalez, who has thumbed his nose at the establishment before, let a graffiti artist spray paint his City Hall office walls with the bright orange message: "SMASH THE STATE."

There is irony. There is art appreciation. There are raised eyebrows.

Gonzalez, who has hosted monthly art installations in his office by unknown and known artists for the last four years, offered up this graffiti for one of his last exhibits before he exits City Hall on Jan. 8. Gonzalez did not seek re-election.

Crucifix NG (Next Generation), by Tisch student Elliott Malkin, is a battery-operated crucifix that can be affixed on the wall and broadcasts a Unicode version of the Lord's Prayer at 916.48 Megahertz, anointing not just a person's psychic space, but also the electromagnetic space of the room.

3V batter, PIC chip, Linx Technologies RF transmitter chip, antenna, all on one crucifix-shaped custom PCB.

'We are in need of a book which reflects the actual (and future) state of the art of thinking about, and inventing, the digital medium in its capacity to subvert cultural practices a cyberfeminist perspective can provide.' This was the ambitious call from editors Claudia Reiche and Verena Kuni but, as they anticipated, they were inundated with contributions. A stringent policy was applied and the editors selected only those articles that were clearly situated in the cyber realm or that documented artistic and political practices in which the computer is integral (more than an email and typewriter tool). The result is 'Cyberfeminism: Next Protocols', 18 chapters with intriguing titles such as 'Cyber@rexia: Anorexia and Cyberspace,' 'Female-Bobs Arrive at Dusk' and 'If Cyberfeminism is a Monster... then Clitoris Visibility = true.' Available from Autonomedia, 'Cyberfeminism: Next Protocols' will sit happily on your bookshelf alongside the recently published 'Domain Errors!'--the latter dealing with gender in relation to technology in the broader sense, and this new collection focusing on reformulating gender specifically within the digital medium. - Helen Varley Jamieson

http://bookstore.autonomedia.org/index.cgi?cart_id=4584583.1262&pid=455

Cory Doctorow: Parts of the London Underground are so old that they can only be serviced with parts acquired on eBay from speciality collectors.

Tube Lines has bought computer cards, old chips and other equipment which are now out of stock.

Company bosses said they had to use the internet because some of the signalling systems on the Tube were so old.

Lital Mehr was holding down the fort at Bill Brady's ATM Gallery on Avenue B and East 10th Street a week ago when we stopped in to see the first New York solo show of an exciting young Tokyo artist, Chie Fukao. The two images above are details of a gallery installation which almost defies description. The exhibition includes photographs, collages, drawings, sewn clothing and other materials, sculpture, and found objects, some of the pieces the creation of her mother or younger sister.

Several of her works on canvas represent something of a culmination of a process in which Fukao passed one image through several media in succession. Those pieces may be the most sophisticated in a show which has absolutely no clunkers, but on this first visit I was most excited about the softer stuff suspended from hangers or pegs, or left lying on the gallery floor.

What happens when you work at Apple on a pet project but it is canceled before it ships and you're fired? If you're Ron Avitzur, you ignore reality and finish it anyway by sneaking into work. By Leander Kahney.

Marketers have become fond of recruiting friendly trendsetters to promote their products, but modern technology may now force them to pay attention to another kind of agent of influence making the rounds: the determined detractor.

Determined detractors are persistent critics of a company or product that mount their own public relations offensive, often online.

They have roiled corporate plans at least since Ralph Nader famously attacked the Chevrolet Corvair and other cars in his 1965 book "Unsafe at Any Speed," which prompted General Motors to hire a private detective to investigate him.

But the Internet and affordable digital technology have made it far easier for detractors to contact and mobilize sympathizers, as the presidential candidates found this year: MoveOn.org was critical of President George W. Bush, and the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth posed a challenge to Senator John Kerry.

Now some public relations agencies and research companies are studying determined detractors, dividing them into different groups defined by motivation, monitoring their complaints and trying to help corporate clients decide how to react.

BuzzMetrics, a New York-based specialist in word-of-mouth marketing, has developed proprietary software to scoop up information on trendsetters and potential influencers as they travel the Internet, posting messages on bulletin board sites, updating personal Web pages and sharing information through e-mail mailing lists.

"For brand managers, the big challenge is to predict trouble on the horizon," said Jonathan Carson, head of BuzzMetrics. "When they see a detractor they have to figure out whether it's a single disgruntled customer or an actual smoldering crisis that could explode."

BuzzMetrics would not identify by name the 20 or so marketers it says have used, or are now using, its crisis management or prevention services, but Carson said the clients included several pharmaceutical companies. BuzzMetrics also looked into the threat posed to a French conglomerate when some supporters of the Iraq invasion were circulating a boycott list. It is now studying the way critics of Dan Rather gained traction so soon after his report questioning Bush's National Guard service. (NEW YORK TIMES)

i ve posted up the how-to i cooked up on changing the graphics in our ipod hacks sections, but now with the latest version of ipodwizard you can also change all the text (also called strings). for example, in the picture above the legal section was changed. click the read link to see a good step-by-step on this.

An email virus that poses as pictures of a nude glamour model actually contains malicious code designed to launch denial-of-service attacks on websites run by Chechen separatists. The Maslan-C worm spreads via email with the subject line '123' and an attached file called 'Playgirls2.exe'. It also spreads across network shares. Running the infected attachment further spreads the email worm as well as turning infected PCs into participants in a distributed denial-of-service attacks. This attack is timed for the first day of each month. But since Maslan-C has infected few victims it is unlikely that its programmed actions will succeed in swamping targeted websites. "These websites play a key role in the propaganda war between the Chechen rebels and the Kremlin," said Graham Cluley, senior technology consultant for Sophos. "Clearly whoever has written this virus wants to make it harder for the Chechen separatists to publish information about their cause on the internet. Whether you agree with the intention or not - spreading a virus to do this is clearly criminal behaviour."

I love creative stuff like this. Easily implemented and surely helpful. jnh.In Ghana, a different kind of 'casual Friday'Mike Crawley | Accra, Ghana | December 27CSM - Duck into any government ministry or executive boardroom here on Fridays these days and you'll notice a little extra splash of color. Loose shirts with geometrical patterns in red and maroon have replaced stiff pin-striped suits. Bright flowing wax-print dresses have nudged out conservative skirts and blouses. The Ghanaian government is urging civil servants and office workers to abandon their Westernized business attire in favor of local fabrics. But unlike in the US and elsewhere, where khakis and an open collar is the boss's way of bringing a little ease to the end of the week, Ghana's "National Friday Wear," launched last month, has bigger things on its mind. Its goal is two-fold: to celebrate African culture, and, more important, to create jobs by reviving a textile industry that has all but collapsed.

Remember the P-P-P-Powerbook? This is like that, but way sadder: some NYU student who didn t think to properly inspect the inside of the box before he paid $200 for what he thought was a stolen 17-inch PowerBook from some hustler in Astor Place, found out the hard way what it s like to be outwitted by a crackhead. Instead of a $3,000 PowerBook, what he found inside the box was a fake laptop made out of a gray garbage bag and some cardboard that had been spray-painted silver. They d even gone to the trouble of scrawling a fake Apple logo on the top in Wite-Out. It s nice to see someone taking a little pride in their work, isn t it?

jakedobkin posted a photo:

Here's another cool small NGO -- Words Without Borders.

Billing itself as "The Online Magazine of International Literature," Words Without Borders features literature in translation from around the world. I read interesting pieces from India, Mexico and Russia, and I'll be going back.

Mobile advertising is rushing to find its way into handsets everywhere. While the effort is still in its infancy, the audience is too big to ignore.

Horrible news to wake up to on any morning, but especially when the last few days have been so relaxing. All our thoughts go out to those in the huge swath of Earth affected, with our hopes that you and yours are well and will be well.

wiredbeat2000 writes "Kent Norman is a cognitive psychologist and director of the Laboratory for Automation Psychology and Decision Processes at the University of Maryland. He studies -- and makes films about -- why people lose it, and smash their computers, PDAs, mice, ect. MIT's Technology Review has a story about his lab."

Have I mentioned lately that Anne Davis is an amazingly inspiring teacher when it comes to blogs, both to her students and to me. It's rare to find someone who can make it all seem as fun as she does, and you just know her students are going to fall in love with writing because of it. Her kids have published a whole page of Blog Art to inspire me and, hopefully, some others as well. Very cool!

David Pescovitz: Developed by the Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery, the 3.5mm Cosmetic Extraocular Implant (brand name: JewelEye) is available in various shapes and apparently can be self-installed.

"Earrings, make-up and more recently tattoos and piercings are accepted forms of body cosmetics. Surprisingly, no jewelry is available for the organ that is most important in social interactions, the eye."

Janitors Say Supermarkets Are Still Locking Them In
By STEVEN GREENHOUSE
Published: December 25, 2004

Dozens of New York City supermarkets are still locking in their janitors at night, even after neighborhood and labor groups began urging government officials to crack down on the practice six months ago, janitors and community leaders say.

...Cheery Christmas story

more kids making fun of old video games

Plans to air a television game show in which an adopted woman picks out her father from a panel of impostors have thousands of people deluging Fox TV with letters and e-mails to get the show shelved.

The "Who's Your Daddy?" show, in which a young woman given up for adoption as a child gets a $100,000 prize for picking out her biological father from a line-up, is the latest in America's obsession with reality TV programming.

1. A growing number of news outlets are chasing relatively static or even shrinking audiences for news. That audience decline, in turn, is putting pressures on revenues and profits.

2. Much of the new investment in journalism today is in disseminating the news, not in collecting it. Most sectors of the media are cutting back in the newsroom. While there are exceptions, in general journalists face real pressures trying to maintain quality.

3. In the 24-hour cable and online news format, there is a tendency toward a jumbled, chaotic, repetitive and partial quality in some reports, without much synthesis or even the ordering of the information.

4. Journalistic standards now vary even inside a single news organization. Companies are trying to reassemble and deliver to advertisers a mass audience for news not in one place, but across different programs, products and platforms. To do so, some are varying their news agenda, their rules on separating advertising from news and even their ethical standards.

TV Cream made a top 100 toys from the 70's.

Here's number 15, the "Six Million Dollar Man", a Steve Austin complete with pseudo-bionic accessories.

Via Linkfilter.

W.A.T.C.H. (World Against Toys Causing Harm) has issued his 2004 "10 Worst Toys" list.

AP - The kids were naughty, Dad put the presents on eBay instead of under the tree and Mom's been crying ever since. Now, even the tree's down.

The green Santas are crusading against the ill-effects of genetically engineered crops and instead of gifts, they are handing out environmentally relevant pamphlets.

Ho, Ho, Ho, Here are some of the best multimedia works around the web this xmas. Several hours of wasted time once you are bored with all your presents:

Pictured above: The Sugar Creek Charter Elementary School in in a renovated K-Mart. Charlotte, North Carolina.

Julia Christensen began investigating how Communities are Re-Using the Big Box in January of 2004. Throughout the spring and summer of 2004, she traveled over 17,000 miles around the country in her car, visiting the sites and meeting the people who are making these transformations possible. She has been collecting a growing collection of photographs, interviews, stories, and documents relating to the renovations, and has been giving presentations in communities about how towns are dealing with this common situation. She continues to travel around the country, visiting towns and giving lectures about the reuse of big box buildings in the United States. Julia is also exhibiting photography, installing video and sound work from field recordings collected throughout her travels, and creating a book of her research.

otherthings posted a photo:

There are a couple of artists around San Francisco who paint trees. I think this one is by Bigfoot.

Buy Blue!December 24 via e-mail - An interesting site comparing "red vs. blue" shopping...

A reader writes "Looks like if you die, Yahoo won't grant access to family members. I know I've enjoyed reading my grandfather's letters from WWII, this could be a huge loss of history if other ISP's have the same policy." MJK points out that Slashdot has explored the notion of what happens to your data after you die.

from Rocketboom, an excellent daily video weblog. This video features 4 projects that very much sums up all the nutty stuff that goes on at the beloved ITP.

Amidst this dizzying array of choices, there is something satisfying about having one's options limited. This is the logic behind 56k TV - Bastard Channel, a quasi television channel based on the web. Produced by Xcult.org, who have been organizing online art collaborations since 1995, 56k TV features programs that reformat television genres to fit the formal and conceptual structures of net art, such as a notably low bandwidth. The result is a play-list that ranges widely in style, genre and speed, and available only on a restricted schedule. The programs include a text-based, mystery miniseries by Young-Hae Chang Heavy Industries, a news show narrated by a TV Bot created by Marc Lee, and a talk show titled 'New From the Dead' in which dead loved ones are conjured back from beyond the grave to commune with a studio audience. Take respite from the freedom to be a rampant holiday consumer, and catch 56k's promising first season while you still can. - Lauren Cornell

The cruel footbinders at Mattel have finally given Barbie feet that can actually hold on to her many, many pairs of do-me heels. Cali Barbie will arrive in the spring with newly designed "natural toes" with a pink pedicure. It's part of the Barbie "Life Makeover" which started this year and included a break-up with Ken, a new boyfriend (Blaine, the Australian zine-writing surfer), and a new career in politics. For the foot enthusiasts out there, no word on if Cali Barbie will come with a mani-pedi kit or any other accessories.

The global textile industry undergoes a dramatic change Jan. 1 when the World Trade Organization phases out quotas limiting the amount of clothes a country can sell to Europe and the U.S. China is expected to benefit from the change, but it has imposed an export tax on its own garment makers to prevent its goods from flooding the world market. NPR's Rob Gifford reports.

otherthings posted a photo:

This is in front of a capoeira school on 22nd near Mission, in San Francisco. Artwork by Os Gemeos.

In Makoto Ishiwata's Vacuum Packing! the consumer becomes voluntarily a vaccum packed product.

After donning a baseball catcher's mask (to allow him/her to breath) and stepping into a phone booth-like structure with translucent rubber walls, the participant strikes a pose. The air is then sucked out of the booth, leaving the person inside looking -- and maybe feeling -- like a piece of meat in a supermarket (which was one of Ishiwata's inspirations for the project).

Reuters - Trendy, high-tech Roman Catholics won't have to sit at home this Christmas to watch Pope John Paul's Christmas Midnight Mass on television.

A bendy, credit card-sized sliver of plastic will let you scan where no scanner has gone before

This is brilliant. A March article from the March 2004 Harvard University Gazette has a great profile of mayor of Bogota, Colombia. He's a former academic and has been using mimes to encourage people not to jaywalk or behave irresponsibly in public.

Technology reporter Simon Avery wrote in Globetechnology that the TTC plans to be the first public transit system in North America to bring television and digital advertising onto its underground platforms and into its subway trains. The Internet-based wireless...

Usually it's the robots that oppress humans in the popular imagination. A Spanish art show turns the tables, producing fearful machines. By Daniel Terdiman.

It's gr8 news 4 skools. Claims that the explosion in text messaging among children is eroding youngsters' literacy skills appear to be unfounded, according to research.

Going to War with the Clothing We Have

The Civil Air Patrol at Ramstein Air Force Base in Germany is making a plea for help for wounded US soldiers sent there. I quote the original letter below in full. Note that getting things all the way to Ramstein requires more postage than the APO address might suggest. I know the first reaction of most people when they read this message will be to be angry at political figures. But first send money, then be mad. By the way, this sort of treatment of US troops is common, even though they are all that stand between us and forces such as al-Qaeda. The grunts who do the heavy lifting aren't actually paid anything. The allowance given them to move from one base to another often doesn't cover their expenses. The Bush administration is even trying to back away from commitments made with regard to Vets' health benefits. Tens of thousands of badly wounded US veterans are likely to be produced by the current round of wars, and some proportion of them will end up homeless.

Bored during the hols? Why don't you knit one of these timeless skimasks from 1965

A group of automakers has won a grant from the German government to help develop a standard for car-to-car data networking. The planned standard will essentially create a mobile Internet, allowing vehicles and drivers to communicate with each other instantly. (There are already ad hoc systems that allow sharing of data especially music on the road, but they don t have this level of industry backing.) While the automakers, who include big names Daimler Chrysler, BMW and Audi, envision the standard leading to a system for traffic, weather and other vital information to be distributed efficiently to drivers, we know what s really going on. This is going to be the ultimate system for inter-vehicle gaming and sending inflammatory IMs to the guy who just cut you off.

Snow flakes and Snow Crystals

Bentley Snow Crystal Collection

Photographing Snowflakes

Ice Crystal Engineering

Begun as a private experiment, New York-based artist Stewart Smith's Confess project soon took on a life of its own by virtue of its own logic: users sign up with anonymous accounts, and are given the opportunity to bare their souls into an internet confessional. In return, they are allowed to view the anonymous confessions of other users. Users can comment (again, anonymously) on what they view, and see the comments of others on their own secrets. The only control that the process has is a rating system; the 'better' one's confessions are rated, 'better' are the confessions one will see, setting up an addictive emotional economy. Sherman has kept the presentation deliberately minimal, giving the site a personality that is both earnest and vaguely unnerving, reflecting the ambiguous feelings provoked by impersonal honesty. The effect of sitting down in front of the screen and being asked to communicate without consequences is strangely powerful, and the results stir interesting thoughts about the fate of sincerity on the web. - Ben Davis

mariana mansur posted a photo:

www.vomitoattack.com.ar, BAs

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My hats off to Dylan, the youngest videoblogger on the planet earth...
Welcome Dylan.
Be yourself.
You are awesome.



She very unselfconciously disucsses her braces, her cello, her online groups, her clothes, her love of pop music (even though it's not real rock)...She gets it.

Xeni Jardin: "E-Z bake bankruptcy," or "How Chase Bank One stole Christmas." Snip from WaPo story:

Somewhere in China, frantic factory workers cannot make enough toy automatic teller machines for clamoring American children.

"I wish every kid in America could have an ATM," says Michael Searl, the onetime stockbroker who created the Youniverse ATM Machine, a highly evolved piggy bank that receives and dispenses real cold cash, not that fake play stuff. "Why wouldn't I want every kid to have one?"

Tweens and beyond can insert the supplied ATM card into the silver machine, punch in their PIN, be greeted by name on the electronic display, peer into the pretend security camera and wait for that seminal capitalistic moment -- when crisp bills miraculously appear, ripe for the plucking. Unlike in a real ATM, a cash drawer opens in the toy ATM, allowing an avaricious child to grab every last cent and run. What do you want for $24.95?

Technology review has an interesting article about rise in technology and its correlation with happiness. We often hear these kinds of statistics without a deeper discussion of what the causes might be, and this article is a good start toward understandi

BBC goes for the fringe with this article on Gameboy music. It looks like a band has taken the sounds of play, and played the sounds in their own special way. The Gameboyzz Orchestra Project is an outfit that blends game sounds to make tunes they call blip-pop, a free form style that (they say) sounds like a recreational jam session. The idea of using game sounds in songs is nothing new. Making music from game sounds is also something that s been done before.

Alright, this guy is officially our new hero. He s building an 18-foot tall robot (or mecha ) in the backyard of his home in Anchorage, Alaska. The anime-inspired behemoth is actually a giant exoskeleton that you jump into and ride, letting you take eight-foot strides or, presumably, fight invading aliens. He hopes to have it finished by next summer and will demonstrate it by demolishing a few cars at the local racetrack. Somebody, please send us video.

From China comes soybean clothing. Yes, they've created a new fiber made from the leftover dregs of soybean oil and tofu production. Soy-based yarn is being exported by Shanghai Winshow Soybeanfiber Industry Company.

Many hip clothing companies are rolling out soy lines, among them Of The Earth, of Bend, Oregon, which will offer in its 2005 catalog a line of "soy yoga" clothing. (That's their Yoga Top heading this post.) Mei Fong wrote an informative story for last Friday's Wall Street Journal. Here's the article.